Ep 259: God Will Judge the Rulers of Heaven and Earth | Isaiah 24:21 and Ephesians 1:21

April 23, 2026
Protestant Libertarian Podcast

In this episode I explore how Christ defeats all powers who are opposed to God, both in heaven and on earth. I recently finished Michael Heiser’s book The Unseen Real, which is a provocative analysis of divine council theory in the Bible. God created lesser spiritual beings, such as angles, many of which rebelled against him, as well as humans who also rebelled against him. The writers of the Bible all share a worldview that there are spiritual entities, some aligned with God and some opposed to Him, as a foundational assumption. Despite Heiser’s excellent exegesis, he claims that Ephesians 1:21, in which Paul lists several forces over which Christ now rulers, refers only to spiritual beings, contradicting a claim I made in a recent episode on the passage. I counter by reviewing how the Greek terms Paul employs in that passage, as well as its larger rhetorical context, suggest that Paul is arguing that Jesus rules over both the kings of this earth and all spiritual beings, including those opposed to God. In fact, there is a Scriptural basis for this argument found in Isaiah 24:21, where Isaiah depicts God ultimately defeating all his enemies, both worldly kings and spiritual authorities which are in opposition to him. Paul believes that this eschatological prophecy is being fulfilled in Christ. Check out the original episode on Ephesians 1 and enjoy the conversation!